Can someone tell me why most piping diamgrams show drilled holes in bolted flanges straddling the vertical centerline, so as to not have a hole at top dead center?

On a single seat 1400 lb. offroad race car what do you think would be a good brake pedal force to lock up the wheels. Its a two master cylindar system with no power assist.

Is there an industry standard or performance expectation for 2 wire 4-20mA output devices (actuators, positioners) for signal levels below 4mA? For example, many field transmitters incorporate special signal indications outside the 4-20mA interval for alarm levels or diagnostic indications.

I have a question regarding the interchangeability of a pressure control loop setup (pressure element, transmitter, PLC, globe valve) versus a self-contained pressure reducer/regulator.

I'm now working with centrifugal compressor and trying to reduce start up time. During start up compressor is being purged with process gas by sequence control.

I have a subsea gas well with reasonable amount of water content. Tieback distance to the host platform is about 5 miles, and it is an 8" pipeline. Initial calculations show that there'll be slugging.

I have a question about API 600 Standard. I have to issue a Data sheet for Gate Valves 2"-6" (API 600 Standard). If I want a Full port valve, I need to specify this characteristic or all API 600 Gate Valves are Full Port.